微型電機是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)中(zhong)之一(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉變為機(ji)械(xie)能的機(ji)械(xie)。它(ta)的基本原理是利(li)用(yong)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)導體和磁場間的相互作(zuo)用(yong)而把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能變為機(ji)械(xie)能。

微型電機結構主要包括兩部分：轉子和定子。轉子為電動機的旋轉部分，由轉軸座組成，導體繞組的排列方式決定電動機的類型及其特性。?通常微型減速電機的作(zuo)功部分作(zuo)旋轉運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)稱為旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)；也有作(zuo)直線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的，稱為直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。微型電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能(neng)(neng)提供的功率范圍很大(da)，從毫(hao)瓦(wa)(wa)級到萬千瓦(wa)(wa)級。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的使用(yong)和控制方便，具有自起(qi)動(dong)(dong)、加(jia)速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)、反轉、掣住等(deng)能(neng)(neng)力，能(neng)(neng)滿足各種(zhong)運(yun)行要(yao)求(qiu)；微型電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的工(gong)作(zuo)效率較，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境(jing)，噪聲(sheng)也較小(xiao)。由于它的一系列特點，所以在(zai)工(gong)農(nong)業生產、交通運(yun)輸、國防、商業及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設備等(deng)各方面應(ying)用(yong)。

各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)齒輪減速馬達中應用(yong)廣的是交流(liu)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)（又稱(cheng)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)）。它使用(yong)方便、運行可靠(kao)、價(jia)格(ge)低(di)廉、結(jie)(jie)構牢固(gu)，但功率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數較(jiao)低(di)，調速也(ye)較(jiao)困(kun)難(nan)。大(da)容量低(di)轉(zhuan)速的動(dong)力機(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)不但功率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數，而且其轉(zhuan)速與負載大(da)小無關，只(zhi)決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)。工作較(jiao)穩定。在要求寬范圍調速的場合(he)多用(yong)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。但它有換(huan)向器(qi)，結(jie)(jie)構復雜，價(jia)格(ge)昂貴，維護困(kun)難(nan)，不適于惡劣環境。20世紀70年代(dai)以后，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)的發展，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的調速技術(shu)漸趨成熟，設備價(jia)格(ge)日益降(jiang)低(di)，已開始(shi)得到(dao)應用(yong)。

微(wei)型電(dian)機也(ye)是我們常說的(de)微(wei)型減(jian)速馬達，在規定工(gong)作制式(shi)（連續式(shi)、短時運行制、斷續周期(qi)運行制）下所能承擔而不至引起電(dian)機過(guo)熱的(de)大輸出機械(xie)功率稱為它的(de)額(e)定功率，使(shi)用時需注意銘(ming)牌(pai)上的(de)規定。

微型電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)時(shi)需(xu)注意使其負載(zai)的(de)(de)特性與電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)特性相匹配，出現飛車或停轉。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)方法(fa)很多，能(neng)(neng)適應不同生(sheng)產機械速(su)(su)(su)度變化的(de)(de)要求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率會隨轉速(su)(su)(su)而變化。從能(neng)(neng)量消耗的(de)(de)角度看(kan)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)大致可(ke)分兩種：①保持輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率不變。通過改(gai)變調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量消耗，調(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)(su)。②控制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)(su)。