有刷直流電動機是(shi)一種運用(yong)廣泛的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動設備(bei)，在智能家居，家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，汽車驅(qu)動，工業自動化，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人設備(bei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)，醫療器械設備(bei)等領域(yu)；有(you)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)定子上安裝有(you)固定的(de)主(zhu)磁(ci)極和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)，轉子上安裝有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞繞組(zu)和(he)(he)(he)換向器。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)和(he)(he)(he)換向器進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞繞組(zu)，產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)磁(ci)場與主(zhu)磁(ci)場相互作用(yong)產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉矩，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)旋轉帶動負載。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)和(he)(he)(he)換向器的(de)存在，有(you)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)結(jie)構復雜(za)，可靠性差，故障多，維(wei)護工作量大，壽命(ming)短，換向火花易(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)干擾。有(you)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按照結(jie)構類型、應用(yong)場景分(fen)為(wei)如下幾(ji)種產品(pin)：

1.有(you)刷(shua)盤(pan)(pan)式(shi)繞(rao)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。有(you)刷(shua)盤(pan)(pan)式(shi)繞(rao)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)以稀(xi)土材料粘結在(zai)一(yi)(yi)缸體(ti)上，漆包銅線(xian)繞(rao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)式(shi)繞(rao)組置于缸體(ti)之內，構成(cheng)轉子。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)位靠機(ji)(ji)械式(shi)換相(xiang)(xiang)器調整(zheng)。機(ji)(ji)械式(shi)換相(xiang)(xiang)器是(shi)靠固定的(de)(de)炭制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)與轉動的(de)(de)銅制(zhi)換相(xiang)(xiang)面(mian)摩擦來調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相(xiang)(xiang)位的(de)(de)。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)使用(yong)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)一(yi)(yi)直在(zai)磨損，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)壽命很(hen)難超過2000h。同時，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速較高，必須采(cai)取兩級齒輪減速，這就(jiu)帶來了兩個問題(ti)，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)噪聲較大，二是(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)損失大，經減速后的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)額定效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)往往只能達到68%～72%。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車所用(yong)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)容量(liang)是(shi)有(you)限的(de)(de)，一(yi)(yi)般就(jiu)是(shi)36V/12Ah的(de)(de)容量(liang)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)不(bu)高，將使電(dian)(dian)(dian)耗增加(jia)，影響(xiang)續行里(li)程。

2.有刷(shua)(shua)印(yin)制繞(rao)組電(dian)機(ji)。有刷(shua)(shua)印(yin)制繞(rao)組電(dian)機(ji)以印(yin)制銅(tong)箔板作(zuo)為繞(rao)組，電(dian)機(ji)重量減(jian)(jian)輕了。由于這種(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)全(quan)部是在自動生產(chan)線(xian)上(shang)生產(chan)的，工藝(yi)有可靠(kao)，從而使(shi)電(dian)機(ji)的壽(shou)命提高(gao)到(dao)3000h，噪聲大(da)幅度(du)下降，效(xiao)率提高(gao)到(dao)72%～76%。但這種(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)有“嗡嗡”的高(gao)頻噪聲，靠(kao)齒(chi)輪減(jian)(jian)速后效(xiao)率仍不理想(xiang)，有刷(shua)(shua)換相器的使(shi)用(yong)使(shi)電(dian)機(ji)壽(shou)命無法再(zai)提高(gao)。

3.有刷(shua)壓(ya)制繞(rao)組電(dian)機(ji)。這種電(dian)機(ji)通過(guo)將繞(rao)制好的銅(tong)線壓(ya)制成(cheng)一種新型(xing)繞(rao)組，其效(xiao)率可提高(gao)到(dao)74%～78%。這種電(dian)機(ji)仍然被較多電(dian)動自行車廠(chang)家采(cai)用(yong)，但(dan)其存在的效(xiao)率、噪(zao)聲、壽(shou)命缺陷仍然是必須(xu)改進的問(wen)題。

4.輪(lun)轂式有(you)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)的(de)(de)有(you)刷(shua)(shua)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，由(you)盤(pan)形(xing)(xing)電(dian)樞有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)減(jian)(jian)速(su)兼驅(qu)動(dong)系統兩部分構成。盤(pan)形(xing)(xing)電(dian)樞是高速(su)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)轉子(zi)。輪(lun)毅式有(you)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)的(de)(de)有(you)刷(shua)(shua)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)構造。電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉矩通過(guo)軸傳遞給級齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)，經齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)減(jian)(jian)速(su)帶動(dong)輪(lun)轂外殼轉動(dong)；有(you)刷(shua)(shua)有(you)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)轂電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)盤(pan)形(xing)(xing)電(dian)樞是薄片形(xing)(xing)，體積很小，重量(liang)特輕，安(an)裝方便。繞組編制好之后，用(yong)樹(shu)脂加玻璃纖維放進(jin)模內熱壓成型(xing)，在運行中由(you)于(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)和換向器摩擦，又有(you)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)嚙合減(jian)(jian)速(su)，所(suo)以有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運行聲音比無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)聲音要大。

5.微型(xing)(xing)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，這種微型(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是常見(jian)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)產生(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)場，微型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通的(de)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)比繞組(zu)(zu)定子(zi)具有(you)(you)(you)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)效益，不(bu)(bu)過永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)性會隨著時間衰退(tui)（永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)只(zhi)是一個(ge)名字，并不(bu)(bu)是真正的(de)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)）。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)微型(xing)(xing)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)還會加上繞組(zu)(zu)，防止磁(ci)(ci)性丟失。由于定子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場的(de)恒定的(de)，所(suo)以(yi)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)有(you)(you)(you)刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)化響(xiang)應快。

6.并激(ji)有(you)(you)刷(shua)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，微型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)勵磁線圈(quan)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞并聯(lian)，勵磁線圈(quan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相互獨立。因此，這類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機具有(you)(you)卓(zhuo)越的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)控制(zhi)能力，并激(ji)有(you)(you)刷(shua)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機不會出現磁性丟(diu)失的(de)(de)現象，因此比永(yong)磁體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機更加可靠。

7.串激(ji)有刷直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，即勵磁線圈與(yu)電(dian)(dian)樞串聯，定子和電(dian)(dian)樞中的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)均隨(sui)負(fu)載的增(zeng)加而增(zeng)加，因此這類電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是大轉矩應用(yong)的理想之選。但是對速度不能(neng)提升(sheng)控制。

8.復激有刷直流電機這(zhe)種微(wei)電機是并激和串激電機的結合體(ti)，可產生串激和并激兩種磁場(chang)。綜合了并激和串激電機的性(xing)能，它具有大轉矩與的速度控(kong)制優(you)勢。